BIOCHEMISTRY

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Course Name : BIOCHEMISTRY

Code(Credit) : BPHT 1203(4-0-0)

Course Objectives

Biochemistry deals with complete understanding of the molecular levels of the
chemical process associated with living cells. The scope of the subject is providing
biochemical facts and the principles to understand metabolism of nutrient molecules in
physiological and pathological conditions. It is also emphasizing on genetic organization
of mammalian genome and hetero & auto catalytic functions of DNA.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of course student shell able to
1. Understand the catalytic role of enzymes, importance of enzyme inhibitors in
design of new drugs, therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes.
2. Understand the metabolism of nutrient molecules in physiological and
pathological conditions.
3. Understand the genetic organization of mammalian genome and functions of
DNA in the synthesis of RNAs and proteins.

Course Syllabus

UNIT-01

  • Biomolecules
    Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of
    carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins.
  • Bioenergetics
    Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship
    between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential.
    Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP
    and cyclic AMP.

UNIT-02

  • Carbohydrate metabolism
    Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance
    Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance
    HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase
    (G6PD) deficiency.
    Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)
    Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance.
    Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus.
  • Biological oxidation
    Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism. Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate level
    phosphorylation.
    Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouples

UNIT-03

  • Lipid metabolism
    β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid)Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis
    De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)
    Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into
    bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D
    Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis,
    fatty liver and obesity.
  • Amino acid metabolism
    General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination,
    deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders
    Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders
    (Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia)
    Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin,
    dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline
    Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.

UNIT-04

  • Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer
    Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
    Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease
    Organization of mammalian genome
    Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions
    DNA replication (semi conservative model)
    Transcription or RNA synthesis
    Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors

UNIT-05

  • Enzymes
    Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes
    Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)
    Enzyme inhibitors with examples
    Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric
    enzymes regulation
    Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes
    Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions.

Recommended Books: (Latest Editions)
1. W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co., London, 2009.
2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
3. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
5. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
7. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New Delhi, 2007
8. Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
9. Anatomy of Crude Drugs byM.A. Iyengar

Session Plan

Session 1

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of
carbohydrate

BIOMOLECULES Carbohydrate

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlF1Kn6nVlE&t=641s

Session 2

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of lipids.

BIOMOLECULES lipid

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZdTfhsypjM

Session 3

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of nucleic acids

BIOMOLECULES nuclic acid

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SV2dHT3Aoxw

Session 4

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of amino acids

BIOMOLECULES protein & amino acid

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_n0iL3lY2A&t=651s

Session 5

Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of proteins

BIOMOLECULES protein

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrrqNLJCSUg&t=477s

Session 6

Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction,

bioenergetics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2SXS-l_VBc

Session 7

Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy

bioenergetics 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXi7aJQq9GE

Session 8

Redox potential

REDOX POTENTIAL

Session 9

Energy rich compounds; classification, biological significances of ATP
and cyclic AMP.

energy rich compound

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQWtZ04R1F0

Session 10

Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance

 

glycolysis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qij1m7XUhk&t=12s

Session 11

Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance

citric acid cycle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubzw64PQPqM&t=143s

Session 12

HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase
(G6PD) deficiency

HMP SHUNT,G6PD

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQfAKnXdBwg

Session 13

Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD)

GLYCOGEN METABOLISM FINAL

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XBVUKn_I5w

Session 14

Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance

gluconeogenesis final

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydhr0QAyxYg

Session 15

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus

HORMONAL REGULATION OF BLOOD, DIABETIS MELITUS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tuWrj_yGps

Session 16

Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (1) 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8VHyezOJD4&t=329s

Session 17

Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate level
phosphorylation

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHL60NjZcsY

Session 18

Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouples

INHIBITOR AND UNCOUPLER

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrbJa6tdE-s

Session 19

β-Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid)

Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis

BETA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACID

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__jS-pjzb5k&t=113s

Session 20

De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)

DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF fatty acids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQ51Qx5qGwA

Session 21

Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into
bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D

CHOLESTEROL (BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPnenKwoovQ

Session 22

Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis,
fatty liver and obesity.

DISORDER OF LIPID METABOLISM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjRP5kIBKwc

Session 23

General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination,
deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders

AMINO ACID METABOLISM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OMNyVzLnVc

Session 24

Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders
(Phenyketonuria, Albinism, alkeptonuria, tyrosinemia)

CATABOLISM OF PHENYL ALANINE

Session 25

Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin,
dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline

SYNTHESIS OF 5HT

Session 26

Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

CATABOLISM OF HEME

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7ol78p9ToA

Session 27

Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides

BIOSYNTHESIS OF PURINE, PYRIMIDINE

Session 28

Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia and Gout disease

Hyperuricemia and Gout

Session 29

Organization of mammalian genome

ORGANISATIO OF MAMMLIAN GENOME( DNA, RNA STRUCTURE)

Session 31

DNA replication (semi conservative model)

DNA REPLICATION,RNA SYNTHESIS

Session 32

Transcription or RNA synthesis

DNA REPLICATION,RNA SYNTHESIS

Session 33

Genetic code, Translation or Protein synthesis and inhibitors

GENETIC CODE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftyM-LcELSI

Session 34

Introduction, properties, nomenclature of enzymes

Enzyme NOTES1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYRYXrSyj24

Session 35

IUB classification of enzymes

Enzyme NOTES1

Session 36

Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)

ENZYME_KINETICS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cck3US2EBmU

Session 37

Enzyme inhibitors with examples

ENZYME INHIBITION

Session 38

Regulation of enzymes: enzyme induction and repression, allosteric
enzymes regulation

REGULATION OF ENZYME

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jy6m-LGr1s

Session 39

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes

Therapeutic Use of Enzymes

Session 40

Coenzymes –Structure and biochemical functions

CO ENZYMES

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK5HzcAOmyA

Case Studies

Case Studies

Our Main Teachers

A Avinash

Asst Professor
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A.Avinash working as Assistant Professor, Dept of CSE, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Andhra Pradesh . Interested to work on Machine learning,Natural Language Processing,Problem Solving Methodologies , and ChatBot. Programming Skill: C Programming Data Structure Object Oriented Programming using C++ Formal Language Automata Theory Python Web Development(HTML,CSS,PHP) Database Management Systems Compilers